Il ruolo dei franchisor e dei franchisee nel campo degli investimenti pubblicitari della rete

Franchising: Pubblicità e Comunicazione

La lettura di questo articolo, del nostro amico ed esperto internazionale di franchising Manzoor Ishani, risulterà di particolare interesse e grande utilità sia per i franchisor, sia per i franchisee. Il settore relativo all’organizzazione e agli investimenti pubblicitari, nonostante talvolta non sia considerato con la dovuta importanza, riveste un ruolo cruciale nel rapporto tra franchisor e franchisee.

Varie sono le modalità per sostenere il fondo destinato agli investimenti pubblicitari. E’ prassi comune, nel mondo del franchising, che sia il franchisor a farsi carico delle operazioni di pubblicità, marketing e promozione del proprio brand o della propria idea imprenditoriale. Gli impegni pubblicitari dell’affiliante variano sulla base della tipologia aziendale, anche se risulta più comune che egli si assuma la responsabilità delle operazioni di advertising nel loro complesso, mentre gli affiliati sono tenuti a effettuare, in modo regolare, un pagamento presso un fondo gestito dal franchisor stesso. Si tratta, spesso, di un pagamento costituito da una somma fissa oppure, dove il franchisee contribuisca con delle royalty (ovvero con dei canoni periodici), il pagamento potrà essere effettuato sotto forma di percentuale sul giro d’affari, di solito molto inferiore rispetto a quella applicata alle quote di affiliazione commerciale in vigore. Ad esempio, nel caso in cui l’affiliato sia tenuto a versare all’affiliante una quota di affiliazione pari al 12 percento, il contributo versato per il fondo destinato alla pubblicità sarà pari a una percentuale compresa tra l’1 e il 2 percento.

Come in ogni rapporto lavorativo che si fondi sull’etica e sull’onestà reciproche, il franchisor dovrà tassativamente versare la somma ricevuta dai propri affiliati su un fondo separato da tutti gli altri conti aziendali, in modo tale da destinarla a operazioni strettamente pubblicitarie. Queste ultime comprendono la stampa del materiale del punto vendita, di dépliant, di cataloghi dei prodotti, la produzione di buste con il logo, di gadget da distribuire alla clientela e così via, che gli affiliati ricevono senza costi aggiuntivi in quantità minime oppure che acquistano dal franchisor quasi al prezzo di costo.

Non è superfluo sottolineare che il fondo destinato alle operazioni pubblicitarie non dovrà, mai e poi mai, trasformarsi in un deposito di denaro ad uso e consumo del franchisor, per ripianare problemi di flusso monetario o, addirittura, come mezzo per ampliare la propria rete di affiliati. La teoria afferma che, nell’arco di due o tre anni, il fondo costituito dovrebbe riuscire a coprire tutti i costi relativi alla pubblicità, alla promozione e alla distribuzione del bene/servizio. In realtà, come è emerso da un’indagine svolta su un campione di affilianti inglesi, il fondo destinato a impegni pubblicitari non produce, o solo in casi rarissimi, un surplus da reinvestire in analoghe iniziative. E’ risultato, quindi, che la maggior parte dei franchisor debba ricoprire le perdite con le proprie risorse.

Esistono, però, altre modalità per far fronte agli ingenti costi pubblicitari. Alcuni franchisor, ad esempio, lasciano il potere decisionale in ambito pubblicitario direttamente agli affiliati. Altri concordano con il franchisee un piano di marketing con l’obbligo legale, da parte di quest’ultimo, di rispettare in modo rigoroso gli accordi sottoscritti. Ancora, altri franchisor ripartiscono i costi pubblicitari con l’affiliato, in modo tale che quest’ultimo destini parte dei propri proventi alla pubblicità locale e alla promozione dell’insegna.

In conclusione, è auspicabile che le decisioni in merito agli investimenti e alle operazioni in campo pubblicitario siano soggette a un’ampia e approfondita analisi e valutazione delle variabili relative alla struttura aziendale e che apportino un beneficio comune, sia al franchisor sia al franchisee.

ADVERTISING – WHO NEEDS IT!

by Manzoor G. K. Ishani, ma, masa, frsa, ficpd, fsals Solicitor

It is generally accepted practice in business format franchising that the overall responsibility for advertising, marketing and promoting the franchisor’s brand and concept rests with the franchisor. Much depends on the type of business, but the most common structure for this is for the franchisor to take on that obligation and for the franchisees to make payment on a regular basis to a fund which is usually administered by the franchisor. The payment is usually a specified sum or where the structure of the franchise is such that the franchisee pays ongoing franchise fees on a royalty basis, i.e. a percentage of its turnover, the franchisee’s contribution would also be expressed as a percentage (usually much smaller than the percentage which applies to the ongoing franchise fee) of its total turnover. Typically if a franchisee was required to pay 12% of its gross turnover as an ongoing franchise fee, the requirement for making a contribution to the fund would be in the region of 1% to 2%. An ethical franchisor will ensure that the money so received is placed in an account which is kept separate from all its other business accounts and the money in any such account is used only for the purposes of advertising, marketing and promoting the franchisor’s brand and concept. This can include the printing of point of sale material, brochures, product catalogues and the like which franchisees either receive without further charge in certain minimum quantities or purchase from the franchisor more or less at cost. The fund should not constitute a pool of money into which a franchisor can dip from time to time to solve its cash flow problems, or indeed to recruit franchisees to the network! The theory is that over a short term cycle of 2 – 3 years the cost of advertising etc. would be covered by the monies in the fund. In some years there would be a surplus and in other years there might be a slight over-spend. In some cases a franchisor will purposely accumulate a surplus in order to finance an expensive promotion in the near future, say to pay for a radio commercial. However, in practice, few franchisors find that there is enough money in the fund to pay for the things that they genuinely feel they need to do to promote the brand and the concept. Indeed a straw poll (conducted by the writer) of 10 franchisors of various sizes and stages in their development, from a franchisor whose shares are quoted on the London Stock Exchange to one who has been operating a job franchise for no more than 3 years, only one franchisor said that there was a surplus, at the end of their financial year, in the advertising fund and that surplus was generally very small, indeed far too small to create any accounting or taxation problems. The other 9, without exception, have in every year hugely overspent their fund and as a consequence they have been subsidising the fund so that whenever the money ran out, the franchisor made good the deficit out of its own resources. In two cases the franchisors admitted that they had hoped to recover the overspend from future contributions but this had yet to happen. It was their belief that as the network grew, so the fund would also grow, but in their experience so does the advertising spend with a result that there is never really any catching up! It has to be said that not all franchisors follow this route. Some franchisors leave the question of advertising entirely to their franchisees, either giving them a free hand in terms of expenditure or alternatively agreeing with them a marketing plan with a legal obligation on the part of the franchisee to follow it. Some franchisors have a system of sharing the burden, so that the franchisor is under an obligation to undertake certain basic advertising (again to be paid by franchisees making contributions to a fund) but there is also an obligation on franchisees to expend certain amounts on local advertising to promote their own businesses. There is no hard and fast rule and each franchisor must examine closely its business, the degree to which the success of its franchisees is dependent upon advertising and try to find a structure which suits both franchisor and franchisee. There is not doubt that the conducting of advertising, marketing and promotions centrally can bring enormous benefits in terms of economies of scale and certainly franchisees get a far bigger bang for their bucks than if they were to go it alone. The writer knows of at least two franchisors who have gone back to franchisees and have agreed with them an entirely different structure. In other cases franchisors have asked franchisees to make one-off payments to pay for one-off promotions or campaigns. The franchisor needs to decide whether returns on advertising are such that he can continue to subsidise his franchisees, whether he can cut back on his advertising to an acceptable level or meet with his franchisees, explain his dilemma and reach some sort of accommodation with them. It may be that it will be a combination of one or more of these, but the lesson to be learned by those in the process of structuring a franchise is to spend a little more time than they would otherwise be inclined to on this aspect of the business to make sure that they get their numbers right at the outset.

Manzoor Ishani is a lawyer with the firm of Sherrards in England. He has been specialising in franchising for 30 years and is the author of a number of articles and books on the subject. He can be reached at mishani@ishani.net